Writing in the Sciences Week3 学习笔记

本篇博客为科学写作公开课的第三周学习笔记。

标点符号

• 在写作中，以下四种标点符号的合理使用会为文章增色不少：
  • 分号：连接两个独立的子句
    • 或者用于分离列表中的项，每项内部包含其他标点符号
  • 括号：插入额外的想法或说明
    • 去除括号对句子的语法无影响
  • 冒号：放在一个独立的子句之后，用来引出列表、引用、解释、总结、补充说明等
    • 一般列表和举例不超过三个（原则上）
  • 破折号：添加强调或插入一个突然的定义或描述
    • 不要过度使用

标点符号使用案例

Finally, the lessons of clinical epidemiology are not meant to be limited to academic physicianepidemiologists, who sometimes have more interest in analyzing data than caring for patients. Clinical epidemiology holds the promise of providing clinicians with the tools necessary to improve the outcomes of their patients.

Finally, clinical epidemiology is not limited to academic physician-epidemiologists—who are sometimes more interested in analyzing data than caring for patients—but provides clinicians with the tools to improve their patients’ outcomes.

平行性

• 对于使用 and，or 或者 but 连接的一对 idea，应该以相同的形式表达

  We aimed to increase the resolution and to improve picture quality.

• 对于 idea 的列表，也应以相同形式表达

  If you want to be a good doctor you must study hard, listen well, and think critically about the medical literature.

段落

• 一个段落应该只包含一个 idea
• 尽量早地给出中心句（金句）
• 段落的流向可以通过下述方式实现：
  • idea 的逻辑性流动
    • 时间顺序的走向
    • 从一般到特殊
    • 逻辑推理（条件关系、因果关系等）
  • 平行的句子结构
  • 如果必要的话，使用过渡词
• 读者通常更容易记住第一句和最后一句
  • 可以在最后一句进行强调

案例

The concept of chocolate having potential therapeutic benefits for people with diabetes mellitus, especially type 2 diabetes mellitus, presents a number of intellectual challenges, from both clinical and sociological perspectives. It seems almost counterintuitive to suggest an energy-dense food that is high in sugar, and often seen as a treat or a “dietary sin”, could offer such promise. However, a large volume of Many mechanistic and animal model studies has been undertaken demonstrating the potential suggest health benefits of for cocoa and chocolate, particularly for patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. These studies suggest that cocoa and chocolate can lower blood pressure, for both improve glucose regulation, improve insulin sensitivity, and modification of reduce complications associated with diabetes. Cesar Fraga in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition first proposed the potential of chocolate for people with diabetes in 2005. It was suggested that we should consume more cocoa and chocolate to reduce the burdens of hypertension and diabetes.(1) Grassi and colleagues (2) further reinforced this potential for its antihypertensive and insulin-sensitizing effect with the mechanistic data. However, But the hypothesis of chocolate idea of chocolate as medicine having a beneficial effect remains counterintuitive to the average consumer and has yet to gain widespread support among consumers or the wider medical and healthcare community. It seems almost counterintuitive to suggest that an high-sygar, energy-dense food —one that is high in sugar, and often seen as a treat or a “dietary sin”—, could offer such promisepromote health.

Many mechanistic and animal studies suggest health benefits for cocoa and chocolate, particularly for patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. These studies suggest that cocoa and chocolate can lower blood pressure, improve glucose regulation, improve insulin sensitivity, and reduce complications from diabetes. But the idea of chocolate as medicine has yet to gain widespread support among consumers or among the wider medical and healthcare community. It seems counterintuitive that a high-sugar, energy-dense food—one often seen as a treat or “dietary sin”—could promote health.

其他注意点

• 当重复使用一个词语时，请检查：
  • 第二次的使用是否必要？
  • 如果必要，是使用同一个词语还是其同义词更好？
• 对于文章的关键词，重复非常必要
  • 使用同义词会引起歧义
• 关于缩略词：
  • 使用标准的缩略词，尽量不要自创
    • 我的观点：有时候也可以考虑创造（比如系统名称）
  • 在文章第一次使用到缩略词的地方进行定义
    • 对于较长的文章，重复的定义是可以的（因为读者可能不会阅读全文）
  • 有些期刊会要求列出缩略词列表